Today I want to deliberate on community and on community in relation to religion. What made me consider this was a recent blog entry from Migdalit. She said that Paganism without community was not possible and I think I do not agree but more on that later.
So, what does Community really mean? It derives from the Latin communitas which in classical Latin means “joint possession or use, participation, sharing, social relationship, fellowship, organized society, shared nature or quality, kinship, obligingness” (Oxford English Dictionary) and its meaning hasn’t really changed that much, has it? The broadest modern definition on the OED is “A body of people or things viewed collectively.” Then you can break down the meaning of it towards a place (“a place where a particular body of people lives”) or towards some shared feature (“A group of people who share the same interests, pursuits, or occupation, esp. when distinct from those of the society in which they live.”). Then of course it can also refer to the online community which is mostly defined by the category of space but of course in another way than the earlier one. I think I don’t have to explain, though, do I? (This is really broke down to the essentials, there are 13 major meanings of community listed in the OED, of course several of them are considered obsolete now)
What, now, is the common factor in these definitions? It’s the people of course. And then they need something to hold them together. This is nothing more than a description of course and doesn’t say anything about the function, something called community holds in a society.
So now, Religion. I will spare you the problem of defining religion (I’d be typing for a week…) but just tell you my understanding (not definition!) of religion. In my view a religion is a world view (or ideology, conviction, philosophy of life) that covers all aspects of one’s life in a comprehensive and rule-setting way. In doing so it often refers to super-human entities. Its rules are obligatory and not following them often has severe consequences. In a functionalistic sense it has the power to answer contingent questions. These are questions that are not certain, things that could be one way, but could be the other way round just as well (take the question “What will happen after death?”). Furthermore it has the power to build communities and make people act morally.
So bear in mind, this is my view
I include world views here that others might not see as a religion. Also note that when I say religion I mean an individual’s religion. In that sense there are as many religions as there are people on this earth. I do not refer to institutions most of the time. So, this also means that, to me in this semi-scholarly understanding, one person is enough to make a religion.
Bringing these two together it should become obvious that I do not think that community is vital for religion per se. An individual, in my view, can have a comprehensive world view that he alone follows and I would understand it as a religion. But. There is a big, major but.
In order to discuss it now, I have to break it down to single religions in the sense of major movements. And I do think that in order to become a major movement you need to have a community. This is quite obvious as well… You need to spread it in order to make it a movement. There is no growth if you keep your world view only to yourself. Imagine Jesus would have been a silent scholar. Not a preacher who talked to people and convinced them but someone who had it just thought up and maybe written it down. We wouldn’t have the Christianity we have today.
And also, imagine the people who were early Christians wouldn’t have cared that there were other Christians who believed the same thing. We also would have a very different picture (of course in the making of the picture we have today there are other important forces than just the people who felt they made up a community). Without the sense of community there is no growth, no impact. And this also holds true for other non-religious movements like the Enlightenment.
If you now ask me what was there first, religion or community, this is pretty much a chicken or the egg-question. I think that people always moved/lived in communities and that they always had comprehensive worldviews.
To sum up my point until here again: A sense of community can make a movement out of a personal worldview. It can make a “religion” (in the common understanding) out of a personal, comprehensive worldview. And I think history proves it.
Now, maybe I have to relate Paganism to religion, first. With Paganism it depends highly on how you understand religion, if you regard it or its forms as religion. It is not as easy as with, say, Christianity where you have among the many denominations still the combining elements of the Bible and Jesus and a merciful God. It is difficult – close to not possible – to name the combining elements in Paganism. I will maybe also write on that one day but not today. For this topic it is enough to point out that it is more difficult than in other major religions.
The question if Paganism is a religion is difficult as well. If you would ask me now “Is Paganism a religion?” I would say no. Paganism is many religions. It is made up of several movements and several personal comprehensive worldviews that haven’t made it as a movement (yet maybe) and these, yes, are religions but Paganism is more like the term Abrahamic religions. There are common features but it is not like an entity (of course it is also problematic to say Christianity is a religion or Islam is a religion).
Still, I would say, there is a sense of community, a sense that there actually is something that makes “us” a community. Whatever that may be… For a lot of “us” though this community is not one of the first part of the definition (remember: “a place where a particular body of people lives”) for a lot of us this community does not exist in a manifest, concrete way. A lot of us are alone. And here I want to quote Migdalit:
It just lately at Beltaine struck me how useless being a Pagan is in a way if there’s no (Pagan) community to share with. You just cannot possibly celebrate any of our fests alone … you need other people; a circle, a family, a coven – just something. Being Pagan just means being part of a community; without that it’s just not the real thing …
So, Migdalit, I want to ask you why. I could put a why behind each of these sentences. I just see it so much different. I don’t want to attack you of course, I just wonder as I do see it very different.
I mean, what is the “use” of being Pagan? That’s in itself such a personal thing. I am Pagan because that is my path. Why can’t you celebrate our festivals alone? Most my Pagan life I have celebrated alone. And I am content with it, maybe just because that’s all I know, but still, I do not miss like-minded people at those occasions. And when I did celebrate with other people, those weren’t even Pagan. (Last year on Beltane I had my best friend and girlfriend over and we just sat and chatted about this and that and on Litha we were at an amusement park. Great things to do for these festivals I thought.)
And why does being Pagan mean being part of a community? In my way being Pagan means taking responsibility for one’s actions, leading a healthy, happy and colourful life, respecting others, respecting and protecting Nature, honouring the Gods and the festivals. I can do all this with people, I can do it alone and even when I do it alone I still feel part of a community (in that non-space way).
For some Pagans the essential thing might be to live Paganism in a community (i.e. with their family, with their coven, circle, whatever). For some, this community is something in between. They have their concrete community but it is not the main thing. And for others still this community is nothing more than the knowledge that there are likeminded people out there. They may be in direct contact with them (and probably in our modern media world most of them are) or they might even be “all alone”. Maybe they miss to be in touch with that community but maybe they don’t. Their way of Paganism still works.